What characterizes moderate turbulence?

The characteristic that best defines moderate turbulence is the persistent and abrupt movement of the aircraft. In this context, moderate turbulence refers to the kind of turbulence that is noticeable and can cause changes in altitude and/or attitude, but does not usually pose a serious threat to aircraft control.

When pilots experience moderate turbulence, they can expect the aircraft to experience significant, yet manageable, movements that require attention but are within the operational capabilities of the aircraft and the skills of the crew. This means that while the flight may feel bumpy, it is typically not so severe as to make control of the aircraft difficult—the crew is still able to handle the situation effectively.

In addition, moderate turbulence may cause passengers to feel uncomfortable due to the bouncing or jolting of the aircraft, but it generally does not lead to severe physical stress on the aircraft structure or adverse conditions affecting pilot performance significantly.

This understanding helps pilots and crew to prepare adequately and inform passengers about the expected conditions, thereby maintaining a safe and informed flying experience.