What is the effect of wake turbulence?

Wake turbulence is primarily caused by the disturbed airflow behind an aircraft as it flies through the air. This turbulence is a byproduct of the lift generated by the wings, which creates vortices that can persist in the air for some time. The correct answer highlights that wake turbulence results in a circular flow pattern of air, as these vortices move downward and outward from the aircraft's flight path.

This circular flow can cause unexpected and potentially dangerous conditions for trailing aircraft, especially during takeoff and landing phases when they are closer to the ground. Understanding wake turbulence is crucial for flight safety, as pilots need to maintain proper separation from aircraft ahead to avoid encountering these dangerous airflow patterns.

The other options do not accurately describe the phenomenon associated with wake turbulence. They describe conditions that do not relate to the nature of airflow disturbances generated by passing aircraft. Instead, the focus should be on the specific characteristics and implications of wake turbulence for aviation safety and maneuvering.