What operational significance does volcanic ash have on aviation?

Volcanic ash poses a significant risk to aviation primarily because it can cause power failure of engines. When aircraft fly through volcanic ash clouds, the fine particles can enter the engines and cause a series of detrimental effects. The high temperatures in the engine can cause the ash to melt and form a glass-like substance that can clog the engine components, leading to a reduction in thrust or even complete engine failure.

Additionally, volcanic ash can damage the cockpit windshields, reducing visibility, and can harm the aircraft's aerodynamics, but these effects are secondary compared to the immediate threat ash poses to engine functionality. Knowing these risks, aviation authorities closely monitor volcanic activity, and specific airspace restrictions may be implemented to protect aircraft from flying through areas affected by ash clouds. This understanding of volcanic ash’s impact on engines is crucial for aviation safety and operational planning.