Which factor has the most significant influence on the amplitude of mountain waves?

The amplitude of mountain waves is primarily influenced by the shape and size of mountains because these physical characteristics dictate how the airflow interacts with the terrain. When winds flow over mountainous regions, the elevation and steepness of the mountains affect how the air is displaced, leading to wave patterns in the atmosphere. Taller and more abrupt mountains create a stronger vertical displacement of the airflow, which results in larger amplitude waves.

This relationship is fundamental in meteorology, as distinct mountain formations can lead to varying wave intensities. For instance, a steep and jagged mountain range will generate waves with greater vertical displacement compared to a smooth, rolling hill. Understanding this interaction is crucial for pilots and meteorologists alike when predicting turbulence and other weather phenomena associated with mountain waves.